|
|
Methods for phylogenetic supertree reconstruction
Kosíř, Kamil ; Maděránková, Denisa (referee) ; Škutková, Helena (advisor)
The Phylogenetic reconstruction has seen great development in the last 30 years. Computers have become more powerful and more generally accessible, and computer algorithms more sophisticated. It comes the effort of scientists to reconstruct the entire tree of life from a large amount of phylogenetic data. Just for this purpose are formed phylogenetic supertrees that allow the combination of all information gathered so far. The aim of this work is to find a method to construct supertree that will give correct results.
|
|
|
Gene order conservation in bacterial genomes
Martinková, Tereza ; Sedlář, Karel (referee) ; Maděránková, Denisa (advisor)
Theoretical part of the thesis deals with basic concepts such as bacterial genome, comparative genomics and mainly synteny blocks. Here is explained what synteny is and what is its importance. In the theoretical part, the GenBank format is also mentioned, its content and usage. The practical part is focused on searching similarities in DNA sequences of reference bacteria with selected bacteria, their sorting by means of greedy algorithm and visualization of similarities using phylogenetic tree.
|
|
| |
|
|
Bootstrap methods in phylogenetics
Sedlář, Karel ; Vohánka,, Jaroslav (referee) ; Škutková, Helena (advisor)
In recent decades, phylogenetic reconstruction has noted great development. It was achieved by using newly acquired molecular characteristics and processing that it began to be taken as an objective science. Rapid development showed that it is necessary to evaluate the results because new techniques provided phylograms from unreliable data. For these purposes, statistical sampling methods have been applied to the phylogeny, of which bootstrapping began later to dominate. However, it also has limitations, which should be considered during interpreting the results it provided to us. This work demonstrates by combining the principles of bootstrapping and consensus trees we can obtain phylograms with better properties than those of conventional phylograms.
|
|
|
Methods for phylogenetic supertree reconstruction
Jirásková, Kristýna ; Provazník, Ivo (referee) ; Škutková, Helena (advisor)
The phylogenetic reconstruction has noted great development in recent decades. The development of computers and device for sequencing biopolymers have been an enormous amount od phylogenetic data from different sources and different types. The scientists are trying to reconstruct a comlet tree of life from these data. The phylogenetic supertree are theoretically this option because a supertree alow a combination of all information gathered so far – in contras to the phylogenetic trees. This thesis present the method of reconstruction supertrees using average konsensus method.
|
|
|
Gene order conservation in bacterial genomes
Martinková, Tereza ; Sedlář, Karel (referee) ; Maděránková, Denisa (advisor)
Theoretical part of the thesis deals with basic concepts such as bacterial genome, comparative genomics and mainly synteny blocks. Here is explained what synteny is and what is its importance. In the theoretical part, the GenBank format is also mentioned, its content and usage. The practical part is focused on searching similarities in DNA sequences of reference bacteria with selected bacteria, their sorting by means of greedy algorithm and visualization of similarities using phylogenetic tree.
|
|
|
Genetická diverzita zástupců rodu Euphorbia L.
Mityagina, Maria
We now have a rare opportunity to understand the history of species evolution and their connections to one another on the globe thanks to phylogenetics. Modern methods of taxon classification rely less on external morphology and more on molecular-biological investigations. This approach enables us to determine the geographic origins of organisms, track their expansion, and monitor changes in their genetic information. These factors are crucial for understanding the diversification of species. In this study, we applied evolutionary genetics to the family Euphorbiaceae. Then we chose three representatives of genus Euphorbia L. and with the help of PCR analysis with primers for nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions, the kinship of these species was established (Euphorbia ramipressa (K265), Euphorbia inarticulata (K266), Euphorbia tortirama (K267)).
|
|
|
Evolúcia socio-kultúrnych adaptací člověka: Fylogenetická medzi-kultúrna perspektíva
ŠAFFA, Gabriel
This thesis investigates the adaptive significance of seemingly maladaptive human behaviors or cultural norms that are often viewed as responses to intra- and inter-sexual conflict. It combines behavioral ecological approach with phylogenetic comparative methods to study evolutionary origins and maintenance of these practices, using samples of ethnographically documented human societies. The thesis is divided into three sections. The first section is the introduction to evolutionary sciences of human behavior, including an overview of the theoretical perspectives and a critical evaluation of the methodological approaches to macro-evolutionary studies of human behavior and culture. The second section consists of three chapters - two published research papers and a manuscript that is currently under review. The first paper investigates female and male genital mutilation/cutting practices, their evolutionary history, and socio-ecological correlates; the second paper investigates restrictions on female premarital sex and evaluates the three hypotheses explaining them - male, female, and parental control hypothesis; the third paper investigates the causes of socially imposed monogamy and evaluates the competing hypotheses explaining its prevalence in stratified, agricultural societies. The last section summarizes the results of the three studies and concludes with perspectives of future research.
|
|
|
Diversity, distribution and genetic structure of the tribe Pipistrellini
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Fornůsková, Alena (referee)
This literature review discusses phylogenetic relationships within the family Vespertilionidae with a detailed focus on tribus Pipistrellini relations and then the individual genera and species within this tribe. A historical summary of efforts to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the taxon first on the basis of morphological studies, comparison of karyotype and most recently on the basis of genetic markers. Mitochondrial genetic markers are useful in studying phylogeography, as this paper shows on the example of the Pipistrellus species complex and on species Nyctalus azoreum, Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula and Pipistrellus abramus. Furthermore, this work describes the current distribution of individual taxa of tribe, the fossil record and migration behavior of European temperate species in the context of their population structure (also studied in some species using mtDNA and microsatellites) and Annex shows the areas extending all five genera Pipistrellini tribe. Key words: Pipistrellini, phylogenenetics, phylogeography, distribution, population structure
|
|
|
Avian schistosomes and cercarial dermatitis in Czech Republic: distribution, diverzity and factors influencing their occurrence
Pokrupová, Zuzana ; Bulantová, Jana (advisor) ; Soldánová, Miroslava (referee)
Cercarial dermatitis (CD) is manifested as a strong itchy rash that usually occurs after bathing in the natural water bodies where it makes recreation uncomfortable. As a consequence, the natural swimming areas and be closed because of inconvenient water quality, what subsequently leads to the financial losses. The infection can also affect people working in the natural water bodies as lifeguards (at the natural swimming areas), people monitoring water organisms or water quality etc.). Nowadays, CD in Czech Republic occurs more frequently than in the past. For this reason, the topic of avian schistosomes and CD is very attractive not only for scientists, but newly also for employees of hygienic stations and health institutes. Based on the Act No. 258/2000 Coll. on protection of public health and related executive Decree No. 238/2011 Coll. approved this year their duty will be regular monitoring of official natural swimming areas for causative agents of CD. For the comprehensive overview about the occurrence of the avian schistosomes and CD, up to now, at the localities in the Czech Republic the specialized overview map with the marked catches of avian schistosomes and CD was created in the program ArcGIS Online. This map was made with use the records obtained from the scientific articles, final...
|
guest ::
